Cérebro humano (quase) completo criado em laboratório

18.248 Comentários / Pesquisas

Foi produzido em laboratório o modelo mais semelhante e completo de um cérebro humano. Contém 99% dos genes humanos referentes ao órgão na sua forma natural, tem a maturidade do cérebro de um feto de cinco semanas e o tamanho de uma afiadeira.

O modelo foi construído nos laboratórios da Universidade do Estado de Ohio por Rene Anand, professor de farmacologia e química biológica. De acordo com as declarações do cientista, este projeto vai permitir desenvolver novas terapêuticas e testes que possam tratar pessoas com doenças no cérebro. Até agora, esse tipo de experiências estava restringida por questões éticas.

No entanto, este cérebro artificial não contém sistema vascular. De acordo com as declarações de António Jácomo, investigador da Universidade Católica Portuguesa na área da Bioética, ao Observador, este é o aspeto fundamental que deve ser levado em conta: “este organóide apenas tem a estrutura de um cérebro, mas sem sistema vascular não tem capacidade de resposta. Não pensa, que é afinal a função de um cérebro”. Logo, as questões éticas estão parcialmente ultrapassadas.

Mais, “o facto de conter apenas 99% da informação genética de um humano não torna o órgão realmente humano. Aquele 1% que falta é o que nos torna humanos e nos diferencia dos restantes seres vivos”, acrescenta António Jácomo. Este é um aspeto que protege Rene Anand de se confrontar com questões éticas. Criar órgãos “incompletos” em laboratório é, aliás, uma prática comum nos laboratórios científicos: “já foram criados músculos cardíacos, fígados, pâncreas” para fins terapêuticos. Mas se não tiver a totalidade dos genes ou a totalidade das estruturas do órgão não levanta problemas bioéticos.

Há, ainda assim, uma dúvida no que toca à integridade científica da experiência, considera António Jácomo. A maior parte dos desenvolvimentos desta natureza correm a comunidade científica, são analisadas por outros cientistas e depois publicados em revistas científicas. Este avanço, no entanto, foi anunciado durante um congresso militar, numa espécie de “publicidade” ao trabalho de Rene Anand. É que este cientista é proprietário de uma empresa que se dedica à criação de órgãos em laboratório, pelo que podem haver conflitos de interesse na informação avançada pelo investigador.

Para o cientista criador do “quase cérebro humano”, isto pode significar um grande avanço no estudo do autismo: “a ciência do genoma inferiu que há 600 genes responsáveis pelo autismo, mas estamos presos aí. Correlações matemáticas e métodos estatísticos são insuficientes para identificar relações causais. Precisamos de um sistema experimental, precisamos de um cérebro humano”, explica o próprio cientista.

Como se criou este cérebro?

Este cérebro foi criado a partir de células da pele, depois de terem sido transformadas em células pluripotentes induzidas – células maduras transformadas em células estaminais com capacidade de se diferenciarem nas restantes células do organismo. Como? A Nature explica que as células da pele são células somáticas adultas – células responsáveis pela formação de órgãos e tecidos –, mas que foram reprogramadas para poderem expressar genes de um outro tipo de células. Essa reprogramação é conseguida através da introdução na célula de um fator que vai ativar os novos genes e desativar os antigos, num método revelado pelo Nobel da Medicina 2012 Shinya Yamanaka.

Fonte: Observador.pt

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