Minha área da neurociência, a neurobiologia comparativa, é considerada ciência absolutamente básica, daquela que se interessa em entender aspectos fundamentais do sistema nervoso e sua diversidade sem se preocupar com a utilidade que esses novos conhecimentos um dia terão (mas na certeza de que esse dia chegará). Prova disso é o lema brincalhão do nosso pequeno grupo de especialistas, o JB Johnston Club: “neuroanatomistas comparativos tem mais cérebros”.
Mas ocasionalmente até a neurobiologia comparativa tem seus dias de aplicação imediata. Exemplo disso foram os achados apresentados por Oyvind Overli, da Universidade Norueguesa de Ciências da Vida, em nossa última reunião em Chicago, dias atrás, durante uma apresentação de puxar o tapete de quem acha que o cérebro humano é ímpar. Segundo Overli, peixes também demonstram características de depressão – e ensinam que, às vezes, sofrer de depressão pode ser a melhor saída para uma situação ruim.
Overli estuda o comportamento de peixes colocados em aquários na presença de um estranho maior, menor, ou de tamanho semelhante. Quando há diferença óbvia de tamanho, o maior rapidamente se torna dominante, explorando ativamente o aquário, enquanto o outro fica quieto.
Quando os peixes tem tamanhos semelhantes, contudo, vários enfrentamentos se seguem, como se os animais se medissem mutuamente. Os confrontos elevam os níveis de hormônios de estresse, e ao cabo de algumas horas de embate, um dos animais sai vencedor: é o novo “dono” do aquário. A partir daí, o perdedor recolhe-se à sua insignificância – e passa a demonstrar sinais claros de depressão: pouca atividade, pouca motivação e iniciativa, menor apetite, perda de peso.
Para quem se apressaria em curar o animal “deprimido” nessa situação, Overli faz, contudo, uma ressalva crucial: neste contexto de estresse profundo e continuado, a depressão é… adaptativa. Tratar o animal com antidepressivo faz com que ele volte a enfrentar o “dono do aquário”, e várias vezes acabe morrendo no confronto – prova de que recolher-se protege o animal dominado de sofrer mais agressões. O paralelo com pessoas vivendo situações semelhantes de opressão é óbvio.
Por isso o diagnóstico correto da depressão como condição clínica, patológica, é tão importante. Não bastam os sinais óbvios de falta de motivação e tristeza. Às vezes, o que precisa de conserto não é o cérebro, e sim seu ambiente.
Por Suzana Herculano-Houzel
Fonte: Folha de S. Paulo
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